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Liquid Wood Chips and the 1:2:2 Maintenance Mix

Drake Weinert, CGNF Hawaiʻi (cgnf-hawaii.org, on his title slide); garden teacher at Kalanianaʻole School, Hilo · USA (Hawaiʻi)

Drake Weinert, introduced by Vincent Mina, shows how he combines the natural farming solutions into ready-to-use mixes: diluted seawater, a blended-weed "liquid green manure", an IMO-4 field treatment, a 1:2:2 maintenance spray of Medicine (OHN), Food (FPJ) and Cleanser (BRV), and one add-on per growth stage. The second half is a microbe primer built on his own microscope work, then photos from a 2008 or 2009 Korea tour, a downtown Hilo street planting and his Kalanianaʻole school garden. It is also an early public version of his idea to name the solutions by what they are used for.

What they found

The question

How do you combine the separate natural farming solutions into a few mixes a farmer can measure, apply and afford?

How they tested it

Recipes from his slides (S) and talk (T). Ratios are parts; mL are per gallon of water. SEAWATER (S): 1:30 with fresh water = 125 mL per gallon, for minerals; 1:15 = 250 mL per gallon, "3 days before harvest to increase flavor from extra mineral content and induced stress". Fermented seawater (S): seawater 1:30 (125 mL) plus FPJ 1:500 (8 mL), fermented 24 hours. LIQUID GREEN MANURE, "microbial foundation" (S, T): cut weeds and grass short and blend on high with water (grass juice); blend a starch source such as a cube of kalo in water (the two can be blended together). Per gallon: IMO 1 part, 4 mL (IMO-2 to IMO-4 all work, T); OHN 1, 4 mL; FPJ 2, 8 mL; BRV 2, 8 mL; LAB 1, 4 mL; FAA 1, 4 mL; grass juice 2, 8 mL; starch 2, 8 mL. Ferment 48 hours (slide; he says "24 to 48 hours" and later "24 hours"), then dilute 1:500 or 8 mL per gallon and drench 100 gallons per acre. He says a five-gallon bucket at 1:500 made about 2,000 gallons. IMO FIELD TREATMENT (S): IMO-4 1,200 lb per acre (~$140); incorporate functionalized char 250 lb per acre (~$125), char activated with IMO first, never raw (T); mulch with wood chips (~$100); then a liquid of OHN 1 (4 mL), FPJ 2 (8 mL), BRV 2 (8 mL), LAB 1 (4 mL), FAA 1 (4 mL), WCP 1 (4 mL), seawater 30 (125 mL), about 164 mL per gallon, drenched at 100 gallons per acre (~$30 x 4 = $120); used straight, not fermented (T), watered on once a week (T). Slide total ~$500 per acre per application. PLANT MAINTENANCE SOLUTION (S): OHN 1 (4 mL), FPJ 2 (8 mL), BRV 2 (8 mL); dilute about 20 mL per gallon; "optimal to apply every 11 days"; spray 25 gallons per acre for $4 manufacture cost. He premixes it in 500 mL bottles (T); start weaker if unsure (T). ENHANCEMENTS (S): the maintenance mix plus one solution at 1 part (4 mL), used at about 24 mL per gallon: Leaf = + FAA; Flower/Root = + WCP; Fruit = + WCA. "Enhancements are mutually exclusive. Alternate applications instead of combining formulas!" WCA (T): eggshells or crushed coral, cooked first to burn off organic matter. APPLICATION (T): two-gallon pump sprayer with the nozzle taken off, sprayed in the evening until dripping, aiming under leaves; or flicked from a bundle of green ti leaves for a fine mist. MICROSCOPE CHECK (S, T): 400x; soil 1 part to 5 parts water; beneficial fungus has uniform width, more than 3.5 micrometers, brown; one fungal strand per field of view at 1:5 means roughly equal fungus and bacteria. Not stated: any trial, crop yields, or a comparison with an untreated field.

What was compared
  • Minerals (seawater) — 1:30, 125 mL per gallon; 1:15, 250 mL per gallon three days before harvest; or 1:30 seawater fermented 24 h with 1:500 FPJ
  • Liquid green manure — Blended weeds and kalo starch plus IMO, OHN, FPJ, BRV, LAB, FAA (4-8 mL each per gallon), fermented 48 h, diluted 1:500, drenched 100 gal per acre
  • IMO field treatment — IMO-4 1,200 lb per acre, IMO-activated char 250 lb per acre, wood-chip mulch, then ~164 mL per gallon of OHN, FPJ, BRV, LAB, FAA, WCP and seawater at 100 gal per acre
  • Maintenance solution — OHN 1 : FPJ 2 : BRV 2 at 20 mL per gallon, every 11 days, 25 gal per acre
  • Stage enhancements — Maintenance mix plus FAA (leaf), WCP (flower/root) or WCA (fruit), 24 mL per gallon, one at a time
Results
  1. Maintenance spraying: about $175 per acre per year for vegetables, $100 for orchards

    Rough estimates on the slide; he says it is a farmer's maintenance budget, not a full Cho program, and more realistic in years two or three.

    ▶ 12:10 Said and shown on the slides

  2. Maintenance mix: 25 gallons per acre for $4 manufacture cost, every 11 days

    At 20 mL of premix per gallon; his own cost figure.

    ▶ 35:00 From the slides

  3. Full IMO field treatment: about $500 per acre per application

    IMO-4 ~$140, char ~$125 (his estimate), mulch ~$100, liquid ~$120.

    ▶ 29:16 From the slides

  4. One five-gallon bucket of liquid green manure made about 2,000 gallons at 1:500

    He says "that's four gallons"; later he says a bucket makes 500 gallons and five times that is 2,500, so the arithmetic is loose.

    ▶ 27:26 As spoken

  5. Bacteria to fungus moves from 10:0 in weeds to 600:600 in vegetables to 700:7,000 in climax forest

    His own slide table (pioneer 100:10, perennials 500:250, trees 500:800); no units or source given. He says at equal parts weeds stop being a problem.

    ▶ 1:00:44 Said and shown on the slides

  6. Mac nut rows treated with IMO no longer need mowing

    Chris's orchard: IMO was put down before spraying; on a recent visit Drake saw the grass gone from that row. One farm, seen by eye.

    ▶ 1:20:48 As spoken

  7. A downtown Hilo triangle on Kamehameha Avenue, herbicided for decades, grew kalo in 2010-2011

    Treated with biochar, IMO, coconut husk and a little dolomite; photos on the slide. Now part of Let's Grow Hilo.

    ▶ 1:18:16 Said and shown on the slides

  8. Buried IMO in a pot on Molokaʻi held thousands of fungal-feeding nematodes

    The tree in the pot looked fine; he found it under the microscope. His reading: burying IMO made it anaerobic.

    ▶ 1:14:04 As spoken

  9. A 400x microscope cost about $400 to $700 with a camera

    Slide says ~$400; he says his was about $700.

    ▶ 55:05 Said and shown on the slides

Hold it loosely
  • No trials, controls or yields are shown; the results are his own observations and stories from single farms.
  • Cost figures are his estimates from 2015; char at $125 was a guess before a local plant opened.
  • Some numbers don't add up: the field-treatment parts total 157 mL per gallon, not 164; a 500 mL bottle at 20 mL per gallon covers 25 gallons, not the 30 he says; the bucket-to-gallons figures conflict.
  • Liquid green manure, the field-treatment liquid, the 11-day interval and the stage 'enhancements' are his own formulations, not Cho's recipes (see Cho checks).
  • Several science asides are wrong or loose: glyphosate contains no chlorine; glomalin is made by mycorrhizal fungi, not bacteria; LAB do not add oxygen, so 'oxygenators' is a label, not a mechanism; claims that IMO eat oil and radiation and that some plants pump 80% of their sugar into the soil are not supported here.
  • The quote on his microbes slide is credited to 'Occulture Rex'; he says he made it up.
For your farm
  • Dilute seawater 1:30 (about 125 mL per gallon) before it touches plants or soil.
  • A base spray of Medicine (OHN) 1 : Food (FPJ) 2 : Cleanser (BRV) 2 at about 20 mL per gallon matches Cho's dilutions and is simple to premix.
  • Add one stage solution at a time: Fuel (FAA) for leaves, Structure (WCP) for flowers and roots, Reproduction (WCA) for fruit. Alternate them; don't stack.
  • Soak char in IMO before it goes into the soil, so microbes have a refuge.
  • Spread IMO on the surface; don't bury it.
  • A fine mist puts microbes out well; a pump sprayer or even a ti-leaf bundle will do. Spray in the evening and wet the leaf undersides.
  • If unsure of a dilution, go weaker.
  • A cheap 400x microscope lets you check fungus in your IMO or soil instead of guessing.

Next to Master Cho's teaching

  • Agrees

    Maintenance mix OHN 1 : FPJ 2 : BRV 2 at 20 mL per gallon Per gallon this is OHN about 1:950 and FPJ and BRV about 1:475, close to Cho's mix for weak crops (FPJ 500, BRV 500, OHN 1,000). Cho sprays it every 7-10 days; Drake's slide says every 11.

    Cho, Janong Natural Farming (2003), p. 122–123

  • Agrees

    Seawater 1:30 for minerals Cho dilutes seawater 30 times and calls it the best solution for raising fruit sugar.

    Cho, Janong Natural Farming (2003), p. 142–143

  • Differs

    Seawater 1:15 three days before harvest; seawater fermented 24 h with FPJ Cho sweetens fruit with seawater plus water-soluble calcium 15-20 days before harvest; Drake leaves out the WCA and moves it to 3 days. Cho's fermented seawater also has rice-wash water (1:200) and sits half a day in summer, used as soon as it turns hazy; Drake's is seawater plus FPJ for 24 hours.

    Cho, Natural Farming Agricultural Materials (Recipe), p. 82

  • Agrees

    Stage add-ons: FAA for leaves, WCP for flowers and roots, WCA for fruit This follows Cho's nutritive cycle: nitrogen in vegetative growth, calcium phosphate at changeover, calcium for fruit. Packaging them as 'enhancements' on one base mix is Drake's way of teaching it.

    Cho nutrient cycle prescription table (Oct 2017, transcribed) — 2. Changeover Period (교대기)

  • Differs

    Field treatment: IMO-4 1,200 lb/acre, char 250 lb/acre, 100 gal/acre of liquid; don't bury IMO Cho scatters at least 150 kg IMO-4 per 0.1 ha (about 1,340 lb per acre) and says not to bury it, which matches Drake's Molokaʻi story. But Cho's soil foundation uses as much charcoal as IMO-4 (330 lb each per quarter acre) and about four tons of liquid per quarter acre; Drake uses far less char and far less liquid.

    Cho, Natural Farming Agricultural Materials (Recipe), p. 18; Cho - DVD rips/NATURAL_FARMING_4 @ 0:05:59 (translated)

“There's people that talk about stuff and then there's people who actually do it.”

▶ 0:17

“I farm for the microbes. The microbes do my farming.”

▶ 4:59

“It acts as a cover mulch even though there's no mulch there, because you put the microbes there minus the wood.”

▶ 28:35

“So don't put out raw char. Always activate with IMO first.”

▶ 31:29

“Always we say dilute more if you're curious, if you're unsure.”

▶ 37:37

“May the beneficial microbes be with you.”

▶ 1:24:49

In this talk

  1. 0:00Vincent Mina introduces Drake
  2. 0:54Farming for the microbes
  3. 5:45Feed the field like a low fire
  4. 10:25Where natural farming fits, and what it costs per acre
  5. 16:23Naming the solutions by their use
  6. 19:17Seawater: something everyone can afford
  7. 22:46Liquid green manure, or liquid wood chips
  8. 29:16IMO field treatment: IMO-4, char, mulch, drench
  9. 34:49The maintenance solution: OHN, FPJ, BRV
  10. 38:01One add-on per growth stage
  11. 40:51A CGNF-Hawaiʻi quality label
  12. 42:57Spraying: pump sprayer vs a ti-leaf bundle
  13. 51:10Microbes primer
  14. 54:39Why every natural farmer needs a microscope
  15. 57:12How to spot beneficial fungus
  16. 1:00:44Bacteria-to-fungus scale, weeds to forest
  17. 1:04:50Bacteria, fungus, nematodes: the soil food web
  18. 1:10:21Nematodes, and the buried IMO on Molokaʻi
  19. 1:16:13Korea farm tour, 2008 or 2009
  20. 1:18:12Downtown Hilo kalo and the school garden
  21. 1:20:33Mac nut orchard spraying at scale
  22. 1:22:24Master Cho, and the Kalanianaʻole school garden
  23. 1:24:56Wrap-up: the 24-hour ferment sample

Transcript

Transcribed and checked by hand against the recording. Click any time to play from there.