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Kanaka Farmers: Our Tūtū Already Farmed This Way

Dana Keawe, Ala Jellings, Gene Tamashiro, Alika Atay, Chris Chang, Native Hawaiian farmers and cultural practitioners; moderated by Keahi Tajon · USA (Hawaiʻi)

Part of the full session video: this talk runs from 0:00 to 1:21:02. Times below are the video's.

Five Kanaka farmers and cultural practitioners from Hawaiʻi Island, Oʻahu, Maui and Molokaʻi talk about how natural farming fits old Hawaiian practice, ʻāina, health and sovereignty. Alika Atay gives the most practice: the Hawaiian moon calendar, calcium phosphate at flowering, moving the Microbes (IMO) pile, mountain and ocean water, and keeping Protectors (LAB) off fruit. Dana Keawe describes IMO made at 9,000 feet on Mauna Kea for a native-plant nursery and IMO-infused biochar in a native forest restoration.

What they found

The question

How are Native Hawaiian farmers joining natural farming with traditional practice, and what does it mean for ʻāina, health and food security?

How they tested it

Panel of five, each speaking in turn with no Q&A. Practice described, as said: (1) Dana Keawe sprayed 'natural farming inputs' on the brown layer of hugelkultur beds at a permaculture foundation; a friend restoring a 100-acre native forest above Kalapana began adding biochar infused with natural farming solutions and IMO collected from that same forest, and spraying IMO around transplants, in plots treated and untreated (sizes, rates and dates not stated). (2) Dana and Drake Weinert made IMO at about 9,000 feet on Mauna Kea with the kiaʻi, and fermented two invasive weeds, mullein and fireweed (method and ratio not stated); a nephew sprayed them on a native-plant nursery under māmane trees for two weeks. (3) Alika Atay: use FPJ, water-soluble calcium phosphate ('the one with the bone') when flowering starts, water-soluble calcium ('the one with the eggshell') once the flower drops and fruit or tubers set, e.g. sweet potato; make IMO on bare ground, not on plastic, and move each new batch to a fresh spot; collect IMO about 100 m higher than your farm; gather water where a waterfall hits stone; gather brackish water from the last stream pool where ocean waves wash in and use it, or seawater, as a 'finisher' for flavor; use LAB in vegetative growth but stop at flowering and fruiting; spray LAB in pig pens for no flies and no smell. Dilution rates for any of these: not stated.

What was compared
  • Solutions on hugelkultur — Natural farming solutions sprayed on the brown layer of hugelkultur beds (Dana Keawe); rate not stated
  • IMO biochar in native forest restoration — Biochar infused with natural farming solutions and IMO from the same forest, plus IMO sprayed around native transplants; treated and untreated plots (Dana Keawe, describing a friend's project)
  • 9,000-ft IMO and weed ferments on Mauna Kea — IMO collected at about 9,000 ft; fermented mullein and fireweed sprayed on a native-plant nursery for two weeks (Dana Keawe)
  • Calcium phosphate at flowering — Water-soluble calcium phosphate sprayed when the plant flowers (changeover); water-soluble calcium after the flower drops (Alika Atay)
  • Seawater / brackish stream water as finisher — Ocean water, or mixed mountain and ocean water from the last stream pool, sprayed for flavor; rate not stated (Alika Atay)
  • No LAB at fruiting — LAB used in vegetative growth, stopped once flowering and fruiting begin (Alika Atay)
Results
  1. Hugelkultur beds sprayed with natural farming solutions broke down faster

    Dana's account of a permaculture foundation project; no measurements given.

    ▶ 11:33 As spoken

  2. Native-plant transplant success was around 40–50% before the change

    In a friend's 100-acre forest restoration above Kalapana. After adding IMO-infused biochar and spraying IMO, the treated plants were 'growing bigger, healthier' and coped better with drought than untreated plots; no figures given for the treated plots.

    ▶ 13:11 As spoken

  3. Mauna Kea nursery plants looked healthier after two weeks of spraying fermented mullein and fireweed

    'Can tell difference already… they're coming more healthy', judged from a Facebook photo. Dana thinks this was the first IMO made above 9,000 ft.

    ▶ 15:46 As spoken

  4. Native nitrogen-fixing trees for permaculture: māmane, koa, ʻohai, one for each elevation

    Her answer to a permaculture designer's question; she studied botany at the university.

    ▶ 12:10 As spoken

  5. Ala learned farming in the loʻi by walking and working beside Uncle Calvin Hoe; he uses limu, fish emulsion, kukui, hau, dead plant matter, prayer and chant

    He is new to KNF (has just started making FPJ) and farms 'on spiritual concepts more than on thinking about OHN'. He wants natural farming made accessible to farmers who don't go to meetings.

    ▶ 25:46 As spoken

  6. The biggest obstacle is regulation, not land, knowledge, labor or resources

    Gene's view; he went on to speak at length about sovereignty, the Paris climate talks, the UN, natural law, and being arrested on Mauna Kea on June 24 (his views, given as his own).

    ▶ 35:04 As spoken

  7. The DOE lunch program imports 92% of the food the kids eat; cutting imports 10%, from 92 to 82, is worth about $300 million

    Figures as Alika said them, from memory; no source given.

    ▶ 47:33 As spoken

  8. Moon calendar: Oct 6–18, 2015 (Kāloa Kū Kahi to Kū Pau) is an excellent planting period

    Read from his family's practice: the Hawaiian day starts at moonrise; plant while the moon is overhead, so planting moves from morning on Oct 6 to the end of the day on Oct 18. The day of the panel was Lāʻau Kū Lua, a day for gathering medicinal plants.

    ▶ 54:20 As spoken

  9. Spray calcium phosphate when the plant flowers, then calcium when the flower drops

    On sweet potato, phosphate at the changeover, then calcium for bigger potatoes. He passes on Dr. Park's tip that calcium phosphate on salad helps avoid morning sickness (secondhand, not tested).

    ▶ 55:30 As spoken

  10. Old practice matched natural farming: a fish buried by a tree, two sugarcane stalks planted next to each ʻulu tree, kalo planted in old imu pits

    He reads these now as Fuel (FAA), sugar to feed microbes, and biochar. Queen Emma was 'an avid kalo grower' who planted kalo where the imu had been.

    ▶ 58:17 As spoken

  11. Make IMO on the ground, not on plastic, and move each batch to a new spot

    So the soil's own microbes take part, and the used patch can rest, like the old practice of moving the imu.

    ▶ 1:01:27 As spoken

  12. Seawater is the finisher for flavor; the ocean has '82, 83' trace mineral elements

    Each plant takes what it needs. He uses the last stream pool where waves wash in (mountain plus ocean water), and starts seedlings in stream water rather than roof water.

    ▶ 1:05:23 As spoken

  13. LAB 'takes away the flavor': use it in vegetative growth, not on fruit

    He learned this when his tūtū said his biggest papaya had no taste. LAB still has a use in pig pens for no flies, no smell.

    ▶ 1:07:09 As spoken

  14. Collect IMO about 100 m higher than where you farm, from a harsher microclimate

    Microbes that survive higher up will be strong in an easier climate; IMO from 9,000 ft brought to sea level would be 'like Superman'.

    ▶ 1:12:39 As spoken

  15. Feed each other: share the catch, the hunt and the harvest; eat the deer; use the coconut, 'probably the most underused natural resource'

    Chris Chang's point about community and using invasives as food.

    ▶ 1:16:53 As spoken

Hold it loosely
  • Every practice result here is an anecdote from one farm or project, with no numbers for treated plants and no stated rates or dilutions.
  • The forest-restoration plots are secondhand (Dana describing a friend's work), and the Mauna Kea result was judged from a photo after two weeks.
  • Alika's food import figures (92%, $300 million) are from memory with no source.
  • The morning-sickness tip is Alika repeating Dr. Park; it is health advice, not tested here.
  • What Alika calls 'Mineral A' (waterfall water off stone) matches Cho's Bacteria Mineral Water (BMW) waterfall method; in Cho's books Mineral A is a separate rock-derived product.
  • Gene Tamashiro's political and sovereignty statements are his views, reported as he said them.
For your farm
  • Spray water-soluble calcium phosphate (Structure, WCP) as flowering starts and water-soluble calcium (Reproduction, WCA) once fruit or tubers set; watch the plant for the change.
  • Ease off Protectors (LAB) as plants move into fruiting if flavor matters.
  • Make IMO on bare ground, and start each new batch in a fresh spot.
  • Collect IMO uphill or from a harsher spot than your field.
  • Use diluted seawater (Minerals) near harvest to assist flavor.
  • Old Hawaiian practice and natural farming overlap: buried fish, sugarcane by young trees, charcoal from the imu.

Next to Master Cho's teaching

  • Agrees

    Collect IMO higher than your farm (about 100 m) Cho teaches that microbes flow from high ground to low, so collect above your field. In his book he also says to collect where conditions are like your own land, so a 9,000-ft alpine collection used at sea level goes well past what he described.

    2018/Cho - advanced hawaii/master cho 2018 1-2 @ 1:39:30 (translated)

  • Agrees

    Calcium phosphate at flowering, calcium at fruit set Cho's changeover treatment uses WCAP (1,000) because plants like phosphoric acid then; his reproductive-growth treatment uses WCA (1,000) and seawater (30).

    Cho, Janong Natural Farming (2003), p. 160–162

  • Agrees

    No LAB once fruiting starts; it takes away flavor Cho writes that too much LAB decreases sweetness and that LAB should be reduced in the later stages. He says reduce, not stop, so Alika's rule is stricter.

    Cho, Natural Farming Agricultural Materials (Recipe), p. 56–57

  • Agrees

    Our kūpuna already farmed this way Cho said older generations farmed by watching nature and trees, 'thus we all practiced natural farming back then', while modern farmers rely on study and formal knowledge.

    2017/Advanced Cho/nutrient cycle/IMG_2917 @ 0:38:10 (translated)

“It was familiar to us… the first sound you hear is rake, rake, rake… all the tūtūs outside cleaning the yard, putting the charcoal back around the trees.”

▶ 9:08

“When I put my feet into that mud, I am like a plant. I get to root deep, deep into the soil.”

▶ 22:00

“I learned how to treat people because I knew how to treat plants.”

▶ 28:40

“She was putting the sugar to feed the microbes to feed the tree.”

▶ 58:56

“You want to bring out the taste, you don't use LAB and you use the ocean.”

▶ 1:08:20

“His absence was a statement of his confidence, of his teachings.”

▶ 1:14:52

In this talk

  1. 0:00Title card and opening circle
  2. 1:40Keahi Tajon: setting intention, introducing the panel
  3. 5:54Dana Keawe: Kalapana roots, natural farming since 2010
  4. 11:20Dana: hugelkultur, native nitrogen fixers, forest restoration
  5. 14:38Dana: IMO at 9,000 feet on Mauna Kea
  6. 19:42Ala Jellings: the loʻi and Uncle Calvin Hoe
  7. 27:20Ala: lāʻau lapaʻau, plants and making KNF accessible
  8. 33:36Gene Tamashiro: regulation, natural law, sovereignty
  9. 43:55Alika Atay: aloha ʻāina and food imports
  10. 49:17Alika: reading the Hawaiian moon calendar
  11. 55:07Alika: calcium phosphate at flowering, calcium at fruit set
  12. 58:10Alika: what tūtū did — buried fish, sugarcane, imu
  13. 1:01:03Alika: make IMO on the ground, move the pile
  14. 1:02:12Alika: waterfall water and seawater as the finisher
  15. 1:06:56Alika: no LAB on fruit
  16. 1:09:07Alika: plant when the moon is overhead
  17. 1:12:12Alika: collect IMO higher than your farm
  18. 1:14:15Alika: how Hawaiians knew knowledge was passed on
  19. 1:15:50Chris Chang: love, sharing, use what grows wild
  20. 1:19:36Keahi Tajon: it's all about relationships

Transcript

Transcribed and checked by hand against the recording. Click any time to play from there.